AUTHORIZED LIABILITY

According to the UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), the authorized representative is not held liable. Remember, you are an authorized person for the government created accounts. Again, look at the signature lines on the things you pay for. Who is liable for the illegal and void debts? The Government, which is to say, US Citizens, as they are the debtors, created by a corporate beast. Governments, Corporations and Wealth have one thing in common- feet of clay: Daniel 2:42. The AFV needs the words “authorized representative” with your name. In addition, the verbiage on the AFV may also have “without recourse”. What does “without recourse” and “representative” mean?

UCC 3-415(b) “If an indorsement states that it is made “without recourse” or otherwise disclaims liability of the indorser, the indorser is not liable under subsection (a) to pay the instrument”.

UCC § 3-402.

(a) If a person acting, or purporting to act, as a representative signs an instrument by signing either the name of the represented person or the name of the signer, the represented person is bound by the signature to the same extent the represented person would be bound if the signature were on a simple contract. If the represented person is bound, the signature of the representative is the “authorized signature of the represented person” and the represented person is liable on the instrument, whether or not identified in the instrument.

(b) If a representative signs the name of the representative to an instrument and the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person, the following rules apply:

(1) If the form of the signature shows unambiguously that the signature is made on behalf of the represented person who is identified in the instrument, the representative is not liable on the instrument.

(2) Subject to subsection (c), if (i) the form of the signature does not show unambiguously that the signature is made in a representative capacity or (ii) the represented person is not identified in the instrument, the representative is liable on the instrument to a holder in due course that took the instrument without notice that the representative was not intended to be liable on the instrument. With respect to any other person, the representative is liable on the instrument unless the representative proves that the original parties did not intend the representative to be liable on the instrument.

(c) If a representative signs the name of the representative as drawer of a check without indication of the representative status and the check is payable from an account of the represented person who is identified on the check, the signer is not liable on the check if the signature is an authorized signature of the represented person.

SETTLOR

Since the government or corporations created by the government has made up all these numbers as US CITIZENS, and for US CITIZEN, these are all debtors: debtors cannot create anything but debt instruments. “American people ” (or any freeman worldwide) are needed for settling the debts. Therefore, the people, non-citizens of the US, are creditors or grantors. In addition, realize that the government gets its authority from the people. The government cannot have authority that people do not have. The created cannot have more authority then the creator. Ask your God; do you have more authority then your God? The created is subservient to the Creator. Remember the words of the Declaration of Independence, We, the people, do ORDAIN and Establish…. Who? The people (not Corporations or government authorities). The people claim to have the authority, the government is the creation of the people, and it is not our master, at least it is not my God.

v  Exodus 20:5 “Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me”.

v  Matthew 4:8-10 Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; And saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve”. How can one give, or promise to give, what is not theirs. Governments, money based creations, are not of God.

v  Luke 16:13 “No man may be a servant to two masters: for he will have hate for the one and love for the other; or he will keep to the one and have no respect for the other. You may not be servants of God and of wealth”.

v  Government is an illusion, 1 Samuel 8:7, the creating a government like all other nations is a rejection of God. The elders demanded a King due to the corruption of judges, and by rejecting God as their King. We start at 8:4 “Then all the elders of Israel gathered themselves together, and came to Samuel unto Ramah; 5 and they said unto him, Behold, thou art old, and thy sons walk not in thy ways: now make us a king to judge us like all the nations. 6 But the thing displeased Samuel, when they said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel prayed unto Jehovah. 7 And Jehovah said unto Samuel, Hearken unto the voice of the people in all that they say unto thee; for they have not rejected thee, but they have rejected me, that I should not be king over them. 8 According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up out of Egypt even unto this day, in that they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.”

Wealth is an illusion, it is actually a method to kill others by doing nothing, for it appears that money buys health, doctors, hospitals, when actually, money prevents you to get what you need. Look at the medicine companies, their goal is to make a profit, not to heal, they supply potions (spells in demonic forms - pills) not God created healing herbs. Wealth rules, what happen to God? God is lost in Health, Politics, Courts, and Churches. Who needs the four horsemen of the Revelation Apocalypse, when we have Wealth (Mammon)? We are ignorant, is there any hope for us? We try to exit out of and exist without government, and settle the allege debts: One of the ways is to “Accept For Value”. Do you prefer to argue? Dishonor what the Government itself says? Agree, accept, settle the claim.

Let me make this clear as well. Money is not evil, it has no thought, no desire, no existence. God does have love, forgiveness and more. The Antichrist, the beast, may have created this monetary system, but it does not control us. Money is only a magnifying glass, only allow you to see more of what you are. If you are greedy, you become more so. If you are generous, you become more so. Money is a reflection of your talent and ability to help others. Money gives you freedom, even more now than ever before. Money is not the result, it is a medium to gather people together, to create, to enjoy, to explore, to assist, and more. Federal Reserve Notes, are an illusion, but do not let that interfere from helping you being entertained and helping others. Most people have good hearts, they get desperate when faced with starvation or extinction. Most people want to help others. Money can be a tool to do the greatest good or the most damning harm. It is up to the one holding the paper. Money harms nothing, it is the man holding money that decide, Heaven or Hell, God or wealth, living or dead. Are we suppose to hide our talents under a bush? Money allows one to influence others, prevent others from making demands on your ability, allow people to be injured by doing nothing, gathering people of like abilities to create. Money can be used as a tool for making your dreams or nightmares come true. We are to take what we have and make our talents grow. Earn much, give generously, teach many, enjoy living to the fullest. When asked to pay taxes, accept it for value without question.

TRUST

When we gather of two or more, we invoke a higher power: Mathew 18:20. We also, can also create fictions; corporations require at least three positions. Trusts require at least three positions, Christianity has three positions, all one God, but each has a distinct purpose. When the laying of hands on a goat, (or in some societies, a virgin) to be sacrificed for sins, to be forgiven, it required three; you “Trust” that your sins are forever gone. In our society, it is all by trusts, and we are not taught what or how trusts operate or at least I was not.

What is the law definition of a Trust? Trust if often thought of as being reliable, something or someone you believe. However, this is between people. When we deal with the fictional, man made creations, we need to look at the legal. Find me in their codes, statutes, rules, regulations, laws, bills that provide even one word in which it means something other than a legal trust.

Trust:  Law- confidence placed in a person by making that person the nominal owner of property to be held or used for the benefit of one or more others.• an arrangement whereby property is held in such a way. • a body of trustees.• an organization or company managed by trustees• dated a large company that has or attempts to gain monopolistic control of a market.• (trust someone/something to) commit (someone or something) to the safekeeping of.

63C Am. Jur. 2d, Public Officers and Employees, §247: “As expressed otherwise, the powers delegated to a public officer are held in trust for the people and are to be exercised in behalf of the government or of all citizens who may need the intervention of the officer.

1.     Furthermore, the view has been expressed that all public officers, within whatever branch and whatever level of government, and whatever be their private vocations, are trustees of the people, and accordingly labor under every disability and prohibition imposed by law upon trustees relative to the making of personal financial gain from a discharge of their trusts.

2.     That is, a public officer occupies a fiduciary relationship to the political entity on whose behalf he or she serves.

3.     In addition, owes a fiduciary duty to the public.

4.     It has been said that the fiduciary responsibilities of a public officer cannot be less than those of a private individual.

5.     Furthermore, it has been stated that any enterprise undertaken by the public official, which tends to weaken public confidence and undermine the sense of security for individual rights is against public policy.

Will you honor the laws, rules, regulations, and operational requirements etc. of this government? Above are not my words; they are words of the government. It comes from their judicial bible. Also, know this- Slaves cannot pay for anything, as all they have belongs to their master. Beneficiaries cannot pay for anything, as that is the DUTY of the Trustee, who has a fiduciary duty to discharge the requirements of the trust. When do we pay for something? When we are dealing with people: not artificial entities, or public servants. The government has no business in interfering in the private affairs of the people. The government is doing its best to destroy any private affairs we might have.

Executive Orders:

6073- Reopening of Banks. Embargo on Gold Payments and Exports, and Limitations on Foreign Exchange Transactions. March 10, 1933

6111-Transactions in foreign exchange are permitted under Governmental Supervision. April 20, 1933

6102 - Forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates. April 5 1933.

Debts are payable only by gold or silver, this is US currency: we do not have it, and now forbidden to use it, and the debt falls on the people and debts are held illegal and void. Congress created an impossibility, confusion, on the one hand, and insanity and fraud on the other hand and then place it on the people outside their jurisdiction, while making all public servants trustee to the debts. It is now Constitutional to create illegal and void debts for the people to repay that which is illegal and void. It is a joke? Ask the people in prison if it is a joke. Someone has to be surety: Proverbs 6:1. Matthew 17, 24-27: “And when they had come to Capernaum, those who took the Temple tax came to Peter and said, Does not your master make payment of the Temple tax? He says, Yes. And when he came into the house, Jesus said to him, What is your opinion, Simon? from whom do the kings of the earth get payment or tax? From their sons or from other people? And when he said, from other people, Jesus said to him, then are the sons free. But, so that we may not be a cause of trouble to them, go to the sea, and let down a hook, and take the first fish which comes up; and in his mouth you will see a bit of money: take that, and give it to them for me and you”.

What happen? People who are not responsible for the debt have to pay? What can they do? They “Accept For Value” the tax, regardless of who was responsible. For foreigners are responsible for the tax. Federal Reserve is not a government entity; it is a foreign entity. If the obligation is illegal and void, accepting it for value is a valid method to resolve the illegal and void claim of debt that we cannot challenge.

Congress in the creation of the democracy, had to set it apart from the Republic, and they did this by creating a corporation, this corporate government needed citizens, and they created citizens via the birth certificate. They made them unique by making it all upper case name, capitalization (money). We are also described as being a vessel in the Holy Bible. A vessel: you find that in the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual §11.7: “Names of vessels are quoted in matters printed in other than lowercase roman.” It is a way to say uppercase roman or Capitalization under Roman Laws without saying it. Perhaps Roman is the typeface, perhaps it the form of law. A vessel is defined in TITLE 18, § 9, “The term vessel of the United States as used in this title means a vessel belonging in whole or in part to the United States or any citizen thereof or any corporation created by or under the laws of the United States or any State or Territory or district or possession.” These all upper case names, created by a birth certificate, are now US citizens and what allows the democracy to borrow foreign money: Birth Certificates are circulating notes. If you look close, you will see that these Birth Certificates are printed on Bond paper and it usually has some bank note company- why? It is now a security, in order for the Democracy to create funds for the citizens to use. All of these Security Instruments, circulating paper, belongs to the government. All the debts, accounts, credits, funds, and numbers belong to the government. It is their debt. Nevertheless, we, the people, have to settle the debt. Thus, we, Americans, are the creditors. The all money name, upper case, capital/CAPITOL, are the debtors, US Citizens. Americans are only the authorized representatives of all the numbered circulating instruments. Look at the signature line on your check, use a magnifier, to read the fine print, not only on checks, but nearly every kind of monetary instrument, checks, money orders, and the backs of cards, usually say authorized representative, signature, agent or they claim it as their property, including your signature, which makes you authorized for these accounts, and we, the people, are the surety of the Money (all capital) name. Why would I need to be/have an authorized signature/agent for myself? I would understand it if, I authorized you to act in my name, so whose name am I acting in, if not my own. Who has the authority?

Authorized adjective

1. Given or endowed with authority: an authorized agent.

2. Duly sanctioned.

verb (used with object), -ized, -iz·ing.

1. To give authority or official power to; empower: to authorize an employee to sign purchase orders.

2. To give authority for; formally sanction (an act or proceeding): Congress authorized the new tax on tobacco.

3. To establish by authority or usage: an arrangement long authorized by etiquette books.

4. To afford a ground for; warrant; justify.

Are we given authority by a soulless creation of Man, or endowed with authority? Genesis 1:28 “And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.” Who created the government? So, we ask, what is the definition of authority?

Authority: n;

·       The power or right to control, judge, or prohibit the actions of others

·       2. (Often plural) a person or group of people having this power, such as a government, police force, etc.

·       3. A position that commands such a power or right (often in the phrase in authority)

·       4. Such a power or right delegated, especially from one person to another; authorization, she has his authority

·       5. The ability to influence or control others a man of authority

·       6. An expert or an authoritative written work in a particular field he is an authority on Ming china

·       7. Evidence or testimony we have it on his authority that she is dead

·       8. Confidence resulting from great expertise the violinist lacked authority in his cadenza

·       9. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) (capital when part of a name) a public board or corporation exercising governmental authority in administering some enterprise Independent Broadcasting Authority

·       10. (Law) Law; a. a judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent; b. legal permission granted to a person to perform a specified act [from French autorité, from Latin auctōritas, from auctor author]

IN GOD (Government Obligated Discharge) WE TRUST

Does the Government use acronyms? Put things in all capital letters? The answer to both is absolutely. Is the government obligated to settle debts? First, let us look at obligations of the United States.

Title 18 § 8. - Obligation or other security of the United States defined

The term ‘”obligation or other security of the United States'” includes all bonds, certificates of indebtedness, national bank currency, Federal Reserve notes, Federal Reserve bank notes, coupons, United States notes, Treasury notes, gold certificates, silver certificates, fractional notes, certificates of deposit, bills, checks, or drafts for money, drawn by or upon authorized officers of the United States, stamps and other representatives of value, of whatever denomination, issued under any Act of Congress, and canceled United States stamps.

FRN's are obligations of UNITED STATES: HJR 192: “The term “obligation” means Federal Reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal Reserve banks and national banking associations. How odd that my Birth Certificate is printed by the America Bank Note Company, or some other institution: this is circulating paper. Remember, debts, obligations and claims, shall be held illegal and void. Democracy is not all bad.

It is a fact: Title 31 § 3123 makes a statutory pledge of the United States government to payment of obligations and interest on the public debt.

Title 31 § 3123. Payment of obligations and interest on the public debt

(a) The faith of the United States Government is pledged to pay, in legal tender, principal and interest on the obligations of the Government issued under this chapter.

(c)(3) The Secretary may designate depositaries in foreign countries in which any part of the proceeds of bonds, notes, or certificates of indebtedness payable in the foreign currency may be deposited.

Therefore, the government pledges to pay government obligations of which are FRNs are and pay them with FRNs, which is legal tender? IF we give them a dollar, they give us a dollar? Lawyers are not stupid, they cast a mean spell but not stupid. Taxes and all bills associated with corporations are all government obligations in which they must pay when we accept them for value and return them to the government that has an obligation to settle the debt, dollar for dollar. It is a fact: Title 31 § 3130 further delineates in its definitions a portion of the total public debt, which is held by the public as the “Net public debt”. § 3130. Annual Public Debt Report

(a) General Rule.— On or before June 1 of each calendar year after 1993, the Secretary of the Treasury shall submit a report to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate on—

(1) the Treasury’s public debt activities, and

(2) the operations of the Federal Financing Bank.

For what ever reason we can associate with their actions and reasons, they did so, so we may benefit. We are beneficiaries, they, the government are trustees, Trustees pay debts, beneficiaries do not. Thus, government obligations, which are illegal and void, are not taxable. Just try and not pay then the extortion they want. Nevertheless, we must settle with our advisory quickly.

These obligations of UNITED STATES are not taxable:

Title 31 § 3124. Exemption from taxation

(a) Stocks and obligations of the United States Government are exempt from taxation by a State or political subdivision of a State. The exemption applies to each form of taxation that would require the obligation, the interest on the obligation, or both, to be considered in computing a tax, except—

(1) a nondiscriminatory franchise tax or another non-property tax instead of a franchise tax, imposed on a corporation; and

(2) an estate or inheritance tax.

(b) The tax status of interest on obligations and dividends, earnings, or other income from evidences of ownership issued by the Government or an agency and the tax treatment of gain and loss from the disposition of those obligations and evidences of ownership is decided under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.). An obligation that the Federal Housing Administration had agreed, under a contract made before March 1, 1941, to issue at a future date, has the tax exemption privileges provided by the authorizing law at the time of the contract. This subsection does not apply to obligations and evidences of ownership issued by the District of Columbia, a territory or possession of the United States, or a department, agency, instrumentality, or political subdivision of the District, territory, or possession.

Keep in mind also the Constitution does not give, we, the people “rights”. It forbids the government to ignore the “God given Rights of the people”, as seen in the 9^th Amendment: “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people”. In addition the 10^th Amendment: “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people”. Is there anything to discourage the people from creating credit instruments? In fact, by the 14^th Amendment, § 4, we need to. We must Accept For Value, the debt instruments of the US democracy. As long as the debt exists, the Democracy exists. The Republican Form of Government, The United States of America, can only come back when the debt is gone. How will you “pay” for it, to make the national debt go away? If you gave all the FRNs back, the interest alone would be so huge it would be impossible to “Pay” back. Even more so, when you realize, giving all the FRNs back cannot pay for anything. Using FRNs to “pay” debts only increases the government obligations on debt. Let the trustee settle the claims but you need to give them permission of let them know of the debt.

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT

Look at the Constitution of the United States, 14^th Amendment § 4: “The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void”.

You cannot argue the validity of Public Debt. Neither the US nor the States are responsible for the repayment of the debts. Who is left? People! Incurred in aid of insurrection- that is what the Federal government did. They attacked the constitution by this very Amendment. Both the 13^th & 14^th Amendments are an act of rebellion against the Republic. How can I say such a thing? Did they in any way, shape, or form, abrogate the requirement for payments to be in gold or silver coins? If they did not abrogate the requirement is still valid: Abrogate; verb [ with obj. ] repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement), within the constitution itself, then all debts must be paid in silver or gold. How is this not a violation of their oath of office? If this does violate their oath of office, then it is an act of treason. They have a right to abolish any government they create when in the course of human events it becomes necessary to preserve life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, however, they did not do so. They allowed democracy to take over and put the guaranteed Republican form of government to sleep. Why a sleep, it is guaranteed, we have access to it at any time.

The very people that swore an oath to protect and defend the constitution, are now rebellious, an act of sedition, or insurrection, a coup d'état, and all good people, acting as they have in the past, flip to being “rebellious” because rebellion is the norm and the norm is now rebellious. How did they do this? By turning the world upside down:  Section 3. “No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.”  The Civil War itself was an act of insurrection. We have freedom in this country, if the people cannot leave to “whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it” is an act of slavery itself.

Nowhere, does it state that the federal government can force any state to remain if they choose to leave. Southern states walked out of Congress, the United States of America ceased to exist. War began, illegally, as it takes an act of congress to declare war and Congress was no more. Democracy was born by an act of rebellion. All who partook in the act could no longer be apart of the government, republican form of government, nor the democracy. For the lack of confusion they added this sentence after, “But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.”, what house? it was disband. So if all we excommunicated out of the Republican form of government, who can remove such disability? The people who they declared cannot hold an office? If you cannot hold an office, you cannot have two-thirds vote on anything. Funny thing is you cannot even pass this amendment as they had no authority to do so by this very act. Therefore, who removes the disability, I believe insurrectionist, AKA congress.

To further, add insult to injury, Section 2. “But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.” This, basically, states the right to vote for an elected official in any one of the three branches of government is denied, except for in an act of rebellion. Who now can create all the public debt they want, all the voters who support insurrectionists are not rebellious by doing what they have always done, and all the debt is held to be illegal and void.

Why is there is in Section 1, concerning due process of law when that was established in the 5^th amendment? The 5^th amendment is for Americans in the Republican form of Government. Due process in the 14^th amendment is for the Democracy. Thus, Democracy is born, corporation rules, and the people died: at least on paper. We no longer are electors, we are voters; we no longer have statesmen, we have candidates. There is a reason for the change in language, it is a different spell. When were birth certificates created, in the republic or the democracy? How did God feel about census, counting HIS people? You can count your people, you cannot count HIS people. So congratulations, if you support the democracy, you reject God, you are rebellious, a debtor and if you support the Republican form of Government, and this was guaranteed in Article 4 § 4, you are an enemy to the Democracy. Gold and Silver must be use to pay debts in the Republican form of Government, however, no so in the democracy.

Have you ever complained that the national debt is too big? Stop your whining! The debt shall not be questioned. If you cannot see congress balancing the budget, read it, they do not have to. They are not responsible for repayment of the debts. These same debts are held illegal and void. People are responsible for the repayment of the debts and, without gold or silver. Here is the tricky part: how can a public servant demand masters be responsible of the debts the public servants create? Answer: They cannot. They just say: “Neither, Mr. Doe or I are responsible”, “neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation” and to appease the “we, the people”, all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. How are we, the people, to repay the debt or obligations of the UNITED STATES? What are “obligations”? They are held to be illegal and void, until we accept them for value.

GOVERNMENT OBLIGATIONS DISCHARGED

Making way for discharge and recovery on US Corporate public debt due the Principals and Sureties of THE UNITED STATES providing as “public policy” for the discharge of “every obligation”, “including every obligation OF and TO THE UNITED STATES”, “dollar for dollar”, allowing those backing the US financial reorganization to recover on it by discharging an obligation they owed TO THE UNITED STATES or its sub-corporate entities, against that same amount of obligation OF THE UNITED STATES owed to them (set off); thus providing the remedy for the discharge and orderly recovery of equity interest on US Corporate public debt due the Sureties, Principals, and Holders of THE UNITED STATES, discharging that portion of the public debt without expansion of credit, debt or obligation on THE UNITED STATES or these its prime-creditors it was intended to satisfy equitable remedy to, but gaining for each bearer of such note, discharge of obligation equivalent in value ‘dollar for dollar’ to any and all “lawful money of the United States”(Credit).

This is a few of the more important terms, there are many others within this section.

31 cfr § 103.11 Meaning of terms.



PART 103: FINANCIAL RECORDKEEPING AND REPORTING OF CURRENCY AND FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS



Subpart A: Definitions



When used in this part and in forms prescribed under this part, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof, terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this section.

(a) Accept. A receiving financial institution, other than the recipient's financial institution, accepts a transmittal order by executing the transmittal order. A recipient's financial institution accepts a transmittal order by paying the recipient, by notifying the recipient of the receipt of the order or by otherwise becoming obligated to carry out the order.





(b) Bank. Each agent, agency, branch or office within the United States of any person doing business in one or more of the capacities listed below:



(1) A commercial bank or trust company organized under the laws of any State or of the United States;



(2) A private bank;



(3) A savings and loan association or a building and loan association organized under the laws of any State or of the United States;



(4) An insured institution as defined in section 401 of the National Housing Act;



(5) A savings bank, industrial bank or other thrift institution;



(6) A credit union organized under the law of any State or of the United States;



(7) Any other organization (except a money services business) chartered under the banking laws of any state and subject to the supervision of the bank supervisory authorities of a State;


(8) A bank organized under foreign law;



(9) Any national banking association or corporation acting under the provisions of section 25(a) of the Act of Dec. 23, 1913, as added by the Act of Dec. 24, 1919, ch. 18, 41 Stat. 378, as amended (12 U.S.C. 611-32).



(d) Beneficiary. The person to be paid by the beneficiary's bank.





(h) Currency. The coin and paper money of the United States or of any other country that is designated as legal tender and that circulates and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the country of issuance. Currency includes U.S. silver certificates, U.S. notes and Federal Reserve notes. Currency also includes official foreign bank notes that are customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in a foreign country.



(k) Domestic. When used herein, refers to the doing of business within the United States, and limits the applicability of the provision where it appears to the performance by such institutions or agencies of functions within the United States.



(n) Financial institution. Each agent, agency, branch, or office within the United States of any person doing business, whether or not on a regular basis or as an organized business concern, in one or more of the capacities listed below:



(1) A bank (except bank credit card systems);



(7) A person subject to supervision by any state or federal bank supervisory authority.



(u) Monetary instruments.

(1) Monetary instruments include:



(i) Currency;



(ii) Traveler's checks in any form;



(iii) All negotiable instruments (including personal checks, business checks, official bank checks, cashier's checks, third-party checks, promissory notes (as that term is defined in the Uniform Commercial Code), and money orders, that are either in bearer form, endorsed without restriction, made out to a fictitious payee (for the purposes of ? 103.23), or otherwise in such form that title thereto passes upon delivery;



(iv) Incomplete instruments (including personal checks, business checks, official bank checks, cashier's checks, third-party checks, promissory notes (as that term is defined in the Uniform Commercial Code), and money orders) signed but with the payee's name omitted; and



(v) Securities or stock in bearer form or otherwise in such form that title thereto passes upon delivery.



(2) Monetary instruments do not include warehouse receipts or bills of lading.



(e) Payment order. An instruction of a sender to a receiving bank, transmitted orally, electronically, or in writing, to pay, or to cause another bank or foreign bank to pay, a fixed or determinable amount of money to a beneficiary if:

(1) The instruction does not state a condition to payment to the beneficiary other than time of payment;

(2) The receiving bank is to be reimbursed by debiting an account of, or otherwise receiving payment from, the sender; and

(3) The instruction is transmitted by the sender directly to the receiving bank or to an agent, funds transfer system, or communication system for transmittal to the receiving bank.



(z) Person. An individual, a corporation, a partnership, a trust or estate, a joint stock company, an association, a syndicate, joint venture, or other unincorporated organization or group, an Indian Tribe (as that term is defined in the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act), and all entities cognizable as legal personalities.